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This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
18.1 basename: Strip directory and suffix from a file name | Strip directory and suffix from a file name. | |
18.2 dirname: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name | Strip non-directory suffix from a file name. | |
18.3 pathchk: Check file name validity and portability | Check file name validity and portability. | |
18.4 mktemp: Create temporary file or directory | Create temporary file or directory. |
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basename: Strip directory and suffix from a file name basename removes any leading directory components from
name. Synopsis:
basename name [suffix] |
If suffix is specified and is identical to the end of name,
it is removed from name as well. Note that since trailing slashes
are removed prior to suffix matching, suffix will do nothing if it
contains slashes. basename prints the result on standard
output.
Together, basename and dirname are designed such
that if `ls "$name"' succeeds, then the command sequence `cd
"$(dirname "$name")"; ls "$(basename "$name")"' will, too. This works
for everything except file names containing a trailing newline.
POSIX allows the implementation to define the results if
name is empty or `//'. In the former case, GNU
basename returns the empty string. In the latter case, the
result is `//' on platforms where // is distinct from
/, and `/' on platforms where there is no difference.
The only options are `--help' and `--version'. See section Common options. Options must precede operands.
An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.
Examples:
# Output "sort". basename /usr/bin/sort # Output "stdio". basename include/stdio.h .h |
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dirname: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name dirname prints all but the final slash-delimited component of
a string (presumably a file name). Synopsis:
dirname name |
If name is a single component, dirname prints `.'
(meaning the current directory).
Together, basename and dirname are designed such
that if `ls "$name"' succeeds, then the command sequence `cd
"$(dirname "$name")"; ls "$(basename "$name")"' will, too. This works
for everything except file names containing a trailing newline.
POSIX allows the implementation to define the results if
name is `//'. With GNU dirname, the
result is `//' on platforms where // is distinct from
/, and `/' on platforms where there is no difference.
The only options are `--help' and `--version'. See section Common options.
An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.
Examples:
# Output "/usr/bin". dirname /usr/bin/sort # Output ".". dirname stdio.h |
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pathchk: Check file name validity and portability pathchk checks validity and portability of file names. Synopsis:
pathchk [option]… name… |
For each name, pathchk prints an error message if any of
these conditions is true:
A nonexistent name is not an error, so long a file with that name could be created under the above conditions.
The program accepts the following options. Also see Common options. Options must precede operands.
Instead of performing checks based on the underlying file system, print an error message if any of these conditions is true:
Print an error message if a file name is empty, or if it contains a component that begins with `-'.
Print an error message if a file name is not portable to all POSIX hosts. This option is equivalent to `-p -P'.
Exit status:
0 if all specified file names passed all checks, 1 otherwise. |
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mktemp: Create temporary file or directory mktemp manages the creation of temporary files and
directories. Synopsis:
mktemp [option]… [template] |
Safely create a temporary file or directory based on template, and print its name. If given, template must include at least three consecutive `X's in the last component. If omitted, the template `tmp.XXXXXXXXXX' is used, and option `--tmpdir' is implied. The final run of `X's in the template will be replaced by alpha-numeric characters; thus, on a case-sensitive file system, and with a template including a run of n instances of `X', there are `62**n' potential file names.
Older scripts used to create temporary files by simply joining the
name of the program with the process id (`$$') as a suffix.
However, that naming scheme is easily predictable, and suffers from a
race condition where the attacker can create an appropriately named
symbolic link, such that when the script then opens a handle to what
it thought was an unused file, it is instead modifying an existing
file. Using the same scheme to create a directory is slightly safer,
since the mkdir will fail if the target already exists, but
it is still inferior because it allows for denial of service attacks.
Therefore, modern scripts should use the mktemp command to
guarantee that the generated name will be unpredictable, and that
knowledge of the temporary file name implies that the file was created
by the current script and cannot be modified by other users.
When creating a file, the resulting file has read and write permissions for the current user, but no permissions for the group or others; these permissions are reduced if the current umask is more restrictive.
Here are some examples (although note that if you repeat them, you will most likely get different file names):
$ mktemp file.XXXX file.H47c |
$ mktemp --suffix=.txt file-XXXX file-H08W.txt $ mktemp file-XXXX-XXXX.txt file-XXXX-eI9L.txt |
TMPDIR,
but falling back to the current directory rather than `/tmp'.
Note that mktemp does not create fifos, but can create a
secure directory in which the fifo can live. Exit the shell if the
directory or fifo could not be created.
$ dir=$(mktemp -p "${TMPDIR:-.}" -d dir-XXXX) || exit 1
$ fifo=$dir/fifo
$ mkfifo "$fifo" || { rmdir "$dir"; exit 1; }
|
TMPDIR, if specified,
or else in `/tmp'.
$ file=$(mktemp -q) && {
> # Safe to use $file only within this block. Use quotes,
> # since $TMPDIR, and thus $file, may contain whitespace.
> echo ... > "$file"
> rm "$file"
> }
|
$ mktemp -u XXX Gb9 $ mktemp -u XXX nzC |
The program accepts the following options. Also see Common options.
Create a directory rather than a file. The directory will have read, write, and search permissions for the current user, but no permissions for the group or others; these permissions are reduced if the current umask is more restrictive.
Suppress diagnostics about failure to create a file or directory. The exit status will still reflect whether a file was created.
Generate a temporary name that does not name an existing file, without changing the file system contents. Using the output of this command to create a new file is inherently unsafe, as there is a window of time between generating the name and using it where another process can create an object by the same name.
Treat template relative to the directory dir. If
dir is not specified (only possible with the long option
`--tmpdir') or is the empty string, use the value of
TMPDIR if available, otherwise use `/tmp'. If this is
specified, template must not be absolute. However,
template can still contain slashes, although intermediate
directories must already exist.
Append suffix to the template. suffix must not contain slash. If `--suffix' is specified, template must end in `X'; if it is not specified, then an appropriate `--suffix' is inferred by finding the last `X' in template. This option exists for use with the default template and for the creation of a suffix that starts with `X'.
Treat template as a single file relative to the value of
TMPDIR if available, or to the directory specified by
`-p', otherwise to `/tmp'. template must not
contain slashes. This option is deprecated; the use of `-p'
without `-t' offers better defaults (by favoring the command
line over TMPDIR) and more flexibility (by allowing intermediate
directories).
Exit status:
0 if the file was created, 1 otherwise. |
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