The GNU C Library: Table of Contents

1. Introduction
- 1.1 Getting Started
- 1.2 Standards and Portability
- 1.3 Using the Library
- 1.4 Roadmap to the Manual
2. Error Reporting
- 2.1 Checking for Errors
- 2.2 Error Codes
- 2.3 Error Messages
3. Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging
- 3.1 Process Memory Concepts
- 3.2 Allocating Storage For Program Data
- 3.3 Resizing the Data Segment
- 3.4 Locking Pages
4. Character Handling
- 4.1 Classification of Characters
- 4.2 Case Conversion
- 4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
- 4.4 Notes on using the wide character classes
- 4.5 Mapping of wide characters.
5. String and Array Utilities
- 5.1 Representation of Strings
- 5.2 String and Array Conventions
- 5.3 String Length
- 5.4 Copying and Concatenation
- 5.5 String/Array Comparison
- 5.6 Collation Functions
- 5.7 Search Functions
  - 5.7.1 Compatibility String Search Functions
- 5.8 Finding Tokens in a String
- 5.9 strfry
- 5.10 Trivial Encryption
- 5.11 Encode Binary Data
- 5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors
  - 5.12.1 Argz Functions
  - 5.12.2 Envz Functions
6. Character Set Handling
- 6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
- 6.2 Overview about Character Handling Functions
- 6.3 Restartable Multibyte Conversion Functions
- 6.4 Non-reentrant Conversion Function
- 6.5 Generic Charset Conversion
7. Locales and Internationalization
- 7.1 What Effects a Locale Has
- 7.2 Choosing a Locale
- 7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect
- 7.4 How Programs Set the Locale
- 7.5 Standard Locales
- 7.6 Accessing Locale Information
  - 7.6.1 localeconv: It is portable but …
  - 7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
- 7.7 A dedicated function to format numbers
- 7.8 Yes-or-No Questions
8. Message Translation
- 8.1 X/Open Message Catalog Handling
- 8.2 The Uniforum approach to Message Translation
  - 8.2.1 The gettext family of functions
  - 8.2.2 Programs to handle message catalogs for gettext
9. Searching and Sorting
- 9.1 Defining the Comparison Function
- 9.2 Array Search Function
- 9.3 Array Sort Function
- 9.4 Searching and Sorting Example
- 9.5 The hsearch function.
- 9.6 The tsearch function.
10. Pattern Matching
- 10.1 Wildcard Matching
- 10.2 Globbing
- 10.3 Regular Expression Matching
- 10.4 Shell-Style Word Expansion
11. Input/Output Overview
- 11.1 Input/Output Concepts
  - 11.1.1 Streams and File Descriptors
  - 11.1.2 File Position
- 11.2 File Names
12. Input/Output on Streams
- 12.1 Streams
- 12.2 Standard Streams
- 12.3 Opening Streams
- 12.4 Closing Streams
- 12.5 Streams and Threads
- 12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications
- 12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
- 12.8 Character Input
- 12.9 Line-Oriented Input
- 12.10 Unreading
  - 12.10.1 What Unreading Means
  - 12.10.2 Using ungetc To Do Unreading
- 12.11 Block Input/Output
- 12.12 Formatted Output
  - 12.12.1 Formatted Output Basics
  - 12.12.2 Output Conversion Syntax
  - 12.12.3 Table of Output Conversions
  - 12.12.4 Integer Conversions
  - 12.12.5 Floating-Point Conversions
  - 12.12.6 Other Output Conversions
  - 12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions
  - 12.12.8 Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output
  - 12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions
  - 12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
  - 12.12.11 Example of Parsing a Template String
- 12.13 Customizing printf
  - 12.13.1 Registering New Conversions
  - 12.13.2 Conversion Specifier Options
  - 12.13.3 Defining the Output Handler
  - 12.13.4 printf Extension Example
  - 12.13.5 Predefined printf Handlers
- 12.14 Formatted Input
  - 12.14.1 Formatted Input Basics
  - 12.14.2 Input Conversion Syntax
  - 12.14.3 Table of Input Conversions
  - 12.14.4 Numeric Input Conversions
  - 12.14.5 String Input Conversions
  - 12.14.6 Dynamically Allocating String Conversions
  - 12.14.7 Other Input Conversions
  - 12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions
  - 12.14.9 Variable Arguments Input Functions
- 12.15 End-Of-File and Errors
- 12.16 Recovering from errors
- 12.17 Text and Binary Streams
- 12.18 File Positioning
- 12.19 Portable File-Position Functions
- 12.20 Stream Buffering
  - 12.20.1 Buffering Concepts
  - 12.20.2 Flushing Buffers
  - 12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
- 12.21 Other Kinds of Streams
  - 12.21.1 String Streams
  - 12.21.2 Obstack Streams
  - 12.21.3 Programming Your Own Custom Streams
    - 12.21.3.1 Custom Streams and Cookies
    - 12.21.3.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions
- 12.22 Formatted Messages
  - 12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
  - 12.22.2 Adding Severity Classes
  - 12.22.3 How to use fmtmsg and addseverity
13. Low-Level Input/Output
- 13.1 Opening and Closing Files
- 13.2 Input and Output Primitives
- 13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor
- 13.4 Descriptors and Streams
- 13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors
- 13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O
- 13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
- 13.8 Waiting for Input or Output
- 13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations
- 13.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel
- 13.11 Control Operations on Files
- 13.12 Duplicating Descriptors
- 13.13 File Descriptor Flags
- 13.14 File Status Flags
- 13.15 File Locks
- 13.16 Interrupt-Driven Input
- 13.17 Generic I/O Control operations
14. File System Interface
- 14.1 Working Directory
- 14.2 Accessing Directories
- 14.3 Working with Directory Trees
- 14.4 Hard Links
- 14.5 Symbolic Links
- 14.6 Deleting Files
- 14.7 Renaming Files
- 14.8 Creating Directories
- 14.9 File Attributes
- 14.10 Making Special Files
- 14.11 Temporary Files
15. Pipes and FIFOs
- 15.1 Creating a Pipe
- 15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess
- 15.3 FIFO Special Files
- 15.4 Atomicity of Pipe I/O
16. Sockets
- 16.1 Socket Concepts
- 16.2 Communication Styles
- 16.3 Socket Addresses
- 16.4 Interface Naming
- 16.5 The Local Namespace
- 16.6 The Internet Namespace
- 16.7 Other Namespaces
- 16.8 Opening and Closing Sockets
- 16.9 Using Sockets with Connections
- 16.10 Datagram Socket Operations
- 16.11 The inetd Daemon
  - 16.11.1 inetd Servers
  - 16.11.2 Configuring inetd
- 16.12 Socket Options
  - 16.12.1 Socket Option Functions
  - 16.12.2 Socket-Level Options
- 16.13 Networks Database
17. Low-Level Terminal Interface
- 17.1 Identifying Terminals
- 17.2 I/O Queues
- 17.3 Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not
- 17.4 Terminal Modes
- 17.5 BSD Terminal Modes
- 17.6 Line Control Functions
- 17.7 Noncanonical Mode Example
- 17.8 Pseudo-Terminals
  - 17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals
  - 17.8.2 Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair
18. Syslog
- 18.1 Overview of Syslog
- 18.2 Submitting Syslog Messages
19. Mathematics
- 19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
- 19.2 Trigonometric Functions
- 19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
- 19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
- 19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
- 19.6 Special Functions
- 19.7 Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions
- 19.8 Pseudo-Random Numbers
- 19.9 Is Fast Code or Small Code preferred?
20. Arithmetic Functions
- 20.1 Integers
- 20.2 Integer Division
- 20.3 Floating Point Numbers
- 20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
- 20.5 Errors in Floating-Point Calculations
- 20.6 Rounding Modes
- 20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions
- 20.8 Arithmetic Functions
- 20.9 Complex Numbers
- 20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
- 20.11 Parsing of Numbers
  - 20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
  - 20.11.2 Parsing of Floats
- 20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions
21. Date and Time
- 21.1 Time Basics
- 21.2 Elapsed Time
- 21.3 Processor And CPU Time
  - 21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry
  - 21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry
- 21.4 Calendar Time
- 21.5 Setting an Alarm
- 21.6 Sleeping
22. Resource Usage And Limitation
- 22.1 Resource Usage
- 22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
- 22.3 Process CPU Priority And Scheduling
- 22.4 Querying memory available resources
  - 22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling
  - 22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?
- 22.5 Learn about the processors available
23. Non-Local Exits
- 23.1 Introduction to Non-Local Exits
- 23.2 Details of Non-Local Exits
- 23.3 Non-Local Exits and Signals
- 23.4 Complete Context Control
24. Signal Handling
- 24.1 Basic Concepts of Signals
- 24.2 Standard Signals
- 24.3 Specifying Signal Actions
- 24.4 Defining Signal Handlers
- 24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals
- 24.6 Generating Signals
- 24.7 Blocking Signals
- 24.8 Waiting for a Signal
- 24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack
- 24.10 BSD Signal Handling
  - 24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler
  - 24.10.2 BSD Functions for Blocking Signals
25. The Basic Program/System Interface
- 25.1 Program Arguments
  - 25.1.1 Program Argument Syntax Conventions
  - 25.1.2 Parsing Program Arguments
- 25.2 Parsing program options using getopt
- 25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp
- 25.4 Environment Variables
  - 25.4.1 Environment Access
  - 25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
- 25.5 System Calls
- 25.6 Program Termination
26. Processes
- 26.1 Running a Command
- 26.2 Process Creation Concepts
- 26.3 Process Identification
- 26.4 Creating a Process
- 26.5 Executing a File
- 26.6 Process Completion
- 26.7 Process Completion Status
- 26.8 BSD Process Wait Functions
- 26.9 Process Creation Example
27. Job Control
- 27.1 Concepts of Job Control
- 27.2 Job Control is Optional
- 27.3 Controlling Terminal of a Process
- 27.4 Access to the Controlling Terminal
- 27.5 Orphaned Process Groups
- 27.6 Implementing a Job Control Shell
- 27.7 Functions for Job Control
28. System Databases and Name Service Switch
- 28.1 NSS Basics
- 28.2 The NSS Configuration File
- 28.3 NSS Module Internals
  - 28.3.1 The Naming Scheme of the NSS Modules
  - 28.3.2 The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules
- 28.4 Extending NSS
  - 28.4.1 Adding another Service to NSS
  - 28.4.2 Internals of the NSS Module Functions
29. Users and Groups
- 29.1 User and Group IDs
- 29.2 The Persona of a Process
- 29.3 Why Change the Persona of a Process?
- 29.4 How an Application Can Change Persona
- 29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process
- 29.6 Setting the User ID
- 29.7 Setting the Group IDs
- 29.8 Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access
- 29.9 Setuid Program Example
- 29.10 Tips for Writing Setuid Programs
- 29.11 Identifying Who Logged In
- 29.12 The User Accounting Database
- 29.13 User Database
- 29.14 Group Database
- 29.15 User and Group Database Example
- 29.16 Netgroup Database
30. System Management
- 30.1 Host Identification
- 30.2 Platform Type Identification
- 30.3 Controlling and Querying Mounts
  - 30.3.1 Mount Information
  - 30.3.2 Mount, Unmount, Remount
- 30.4 System Parameters
31. System Configuration Parameters
- 31.1 General Capacity Limits
- 31.2 Overall System Options
- 31.3 Which Version of POSIX is Supported
- 31.4 Using sysconf
- 31.5 Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits
- 31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
- 31.7 Optional Features in File Support
- 31.8 Minimum Values for File System Limits
- 31.9 Using pathconf
- 31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits
- 31.11 Minimum Values for Utility Limits
- 31.12 String-Valued Parameters
32. DES Encryption and Password Handling
- 32.1 Legal Problems
- 32.2 Reading Passwords
- 32.3 Encrypting Passwords
- 32.4 DES Encryption
33. Debugging support
- 33.1 Backtraces
A. C Language Facilities in the Library
- A.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency
- A.2 Variadic Functions
- A.3 Null Pointer Constant
- A.4 Important Data Types
- A.5 Data Type Measurements
B. Summary of Library Facilities
C. Installing the GNU C Library
- C.1 Configuring and compiling GNU Libc
- C.2 Installing the C Library
- C.3 Recommended Tools for Compilation
- C.4 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems
- C.5 Reporting Bugs
D. Library Maintenance
- D.1 Adding New Functions
- D.2 Porting the GNU C Library
  - D.2.1 Layout of the `sysdeps' Directory Hierarchy
  - D.2.2 Porting the GNU C Library to Unix Systems
E. Contributors to the GNU C Library
F. Free Software Needs Free Documentation
G. GNU Lesser General Public License
H. GNU Free Documentation License
Concept Index
Type Index
Function and Macro Index
Variable and Constant Macro Index
Program and File Index